feat: Delaunay/Gabriel candidate topology for H2 and CO2 pipelines

config/config.default.yaml

@@ -1031,6 +1031,16 @@ sector:
     CO2 pipeline:
       efficiency_per_1000km: 1
   H2_network: true
+  transport_corridors:
+    H2:
+      min_degree: 1
+      max_offshore_distance: .inf
+    CO2:
+      min_degree: 1
+      max_offshore_distance: .inf
+    biomass:
+      min_degree: 1
+      max_offshore_distance: .inf
   gas_network: true
   H2_retrofit: false
   H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4: 0.6

config/schema.default.json

@@ -5725,6 +5725,62 @@
           "description": "Add option for new hydrogen pipelines.",
           "type": "boolean"
         },
+        "transport_corridors": {
+          "description": "Configuration for `sector.transport_corridors` settings.",
+          "properties": {
+            "H2": {
+              "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+              "properties": {
+                "min_degree": {
+                  "default": 1,
+                  "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+                  "minimum": 0,
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "max_offshore_distance": {
+                  "default": null,
+                  "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+                  "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+                  "type": "number"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "CO2": {
+              "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+              "properties": {
+                "min_degree": {
+                  "default": 1,
+                  "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+                  "minimum": 0,
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "max_offshore_distance": {
+                  "default": null,
+                  "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+                  "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+                  "type": "number"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "biomass": {
+              "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+              "properties": {
+                "min_degree": {
+                  "default": 1,
+                  "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+                  "minimum": 0,
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "max_offshore_distance": {
+                  "default": null,
+                  "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+                  "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+                  "type": "number"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
         "gas_network": {
           "default": true,
           "description": "Add existing natural gas infrastructure, incl. LNG terminals, production and entry-points. The existing gas network is added with a lossless transport model. A length-weighted `k-edge augmentation algorithm <https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation.html#networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation>`_ can be run to add new candidate gas pipelines such that all regions of the model can be connected to the gas network. When activated, all the gas demands are regionally disaggregated as well.",
@@ -7346,6 +7402,23 @@
         "grid_codes"
       ]
     },
+    "_CorridorConfig": {
+      "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+      "properties": {
+        "min_degree": {
+          "default": 1,
+          "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "type": "integer"
+        },
+        "max_offshore_distance": {
+          "default": null,
+          "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+          "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+          "type": "number"
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "_CutoutConfig": {
       "description": "Configuration for a single cutout in `atlite.cutouts`.",
       "properties": {
@@ -9750,6 +9823,62 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "_TransportCorridorsConfig": {
+      "description": "Configuration for `sector.transport_corridors` settings.",
+      "properties": {
+        "H2": {
+          "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+          "properties": {
+            "min_degree": {
+              "default": 1,
+              "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+              "minimum": 0,
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "max_offshore_distance": {
+              "default": null,
+              "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+              "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "CO2": {
+          "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+          "properties": {
+            "min_degree": {
+              "default": 1,
+              "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+              "minimum": 0,
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "max_offshore_distance": {
+              "default": null,
+              "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+              "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "biomass": {
+          "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+          "properties": {
+            "min_degree": {
+              "default": 1,
+              "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+              "minimum": 0,
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "max_offshore_distance": {
+              "default": null,
+              "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+              "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "_UserAgentConfig": {
       "description": "Configuration for `overpass_api.user_agent` settings.",
       "properties": {
@@ -13189,6 +13318,62 @@
           "description": "Add option for new hydrogen pipelines.",
           "type": "boolean"
         },
+        "transport_corridors": {
+          "description": "Configuration for `sector.transport_corridors` settings.",
+          "properties": {
+            "H2": {
+              "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+              "properties": {
+                "min_degree": {
+                  "default": 1,
+                  "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+                  "minimum": 0,
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "max_offshore_distance": {
+                  "default": null,
+                  "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+                  "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+                  "type": "number"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "CO2": {
+              "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+              "properties": {
+                "min_degree": {
+                  "default": 1,
+                  "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+                  "minimum": 0,
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "max_offshore_distance": {
+                  "default": null,
+                  "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+                  "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+                  "type": "number"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "biomass": {
+              "description": "Configuration for the candidate corridors of one carrier.",
+              "properties": {
+                "min_degree": {
+                  "default": 1,
+                  "description": "Minimum number of candidate corridors per region. The candidates start from the Gabriel graph and add the shortest Delaunay edges until each region reaches this degree. Set to 0 to use the full Delaunay graph.",
+                  "minimum": 0,
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "max_offshore_distance": {
+                  "default": null,
+                  "description": "Maximum offshore length of a candidate corridor (km). Defaults to unlimited (`.inf`).",
+                  "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+                  "type": "number"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
         "gas_network": {
           "default": true,
           "description": "Add existing natural gas infrastructure, incl. LNG terminals, production and entry-points. The existing gas network is added with a lossless transport model. A length-weighted `k-edge augmentation algorithm <https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation.html#networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation>`_ can be run to add new candidate gas pipelines such that all regions of the model can be connected to the gas network. When activated, all the gas demands are regionally disaggregated as well.",

doc/design/biomass.md

@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ counts as negative emissions when it is sequestered, see
 Solid biomass can be one European pool or regionally resolved. When resolved,
 transport between regions can be free or priced per distance with
 country-specific costs, which reflects road transport of bulky feedstocks.
+Priced transport follows the same candidate corridors as new
+[hydrogen pipelines](hydrogen.md#transport).
 Biogas follows the gas network if that is resolved.
 
 ## Further reading

doc/design/carbon-management.md

@@ -95,8 +95,10 @@ larger and far from settlements, and onshore formations as well.
 ## Transport
 
 CO~2~ can be transported in a pipeline network between regions, onshore and
-submarine, whose capacity is optimised, with candidate routes following the
-existing electricity network. An optional compression stage with its
+submarine, whose capacity is optimised, with the same Delaunay-based candidate
+corridors as new [hydrogen pipelines](hydrogen.md#transport). The submarine
+share of each corridor is the share of its straight line that crosses
+offshore regions. An optional compression stage with its
 electricity demand can be added for transport in dense phase. Alternatively
 CO~2~ is copperplated, with a transport and storage cost per tonne. Venting
 captured CO~2~ back to the atmosphere can be allowed as an escape valve.

doc/design/hydrogen.md

@@ -58,9 +58,15 @@ constraint is usually where caverns exist, not how much they can hold.
 
 ## Transport
 
-Hydrogen moves through pipelines. New pipelines can be built along corridors
-where an electricity or gas connection exists today. Optionally, existing gas
-pipelines can be retrofitted [@gasforclimateEuropeanHydrogen2020], which is
+Hydrogen moves through pipelines. New pipelines can be built along candidate
+corridors between neighbouring regions and along existing gas pipelines if the
+gas network is modelled. The corridors come from a Delaunay triangulation of
+the regions, by default reduced to its Gabriel graph, which keeps a direct
+link only if no third region lies within the circle spanned by it. Regions
+left with too few corridors receive their shortest remaining links, and
+corridors can be limited in their offshore length. The same method gives the
+corridors for CO~2~ pipelines and biomass transport, each with its own
+settings. Optionally, existing gas pipelines can be retrofitted [@gasforclimateEuropeanHydrogen2020], which is
 cheaper but tied to the gas network: for every unit of gas capacity taken out
 of service, a fixed share becomes available for hydrogen on the same route.
 If the gas network is not resolved regionally, the retrofit option still

doc/release_notes.md

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 <!-- Upcoming Release -->
 <!-- ================= -->
+* Candidate corridors for new hydrogen and carbon dioxide pipelines and for biomass transport now come from a Delaunay triangulation of the regions instead of the electricity grid, with settings per carrier under `sector: transport_corridors`. This changes default results ([#2351](https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/pull/2351)).
 
 * **Breaking:** Removed the integration of the discontinued OETC service. A non-empty `solving: oetc:` section in the config now raises an error ([#2398](https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/pull/2398)).
 * Fix: Runs with only landlocked countries and offshore technologies disabled work again, which broke in [#2169](https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/pull/2169). Renewable capacity estimation now skips carriers missing from `electricity: renewable_carriers` ([#2378](https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/pull/2378)).

doc/rules/carriers.md

@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ management](../design/carbon-management.md) in the design section.
 
 {{ rules("build_gas_network", "build_gas_input_locations", "cluster_gas_network", "build_salt_cavern_potentials") }}
 
+## Transport corridors
+
+{{ rules("build_transmission_topology") }}
+
 ## Carbon sequestration
 
 {{ rules("build_co2_sequestration_potentials", "build_clustered_co2_sequestration_potentials") }}

rules/build_sector.smk

@@ -117,6 +117,25 @@ rule cluster_gas_network:
         scripts("cluster_gas_network.py")
 
 
+rule build_transmission_topology:
+    """Builds candidate corridors for H2, CO2 and biomass transport from the Delaunay graph of regions."""
+    input:
+        network=resources("networks/clustered.nc"),
+        offshore_shapes=resources("offshore_shapes.geojson"),
+    output:
+        candidates=resources("transmission_candidates.geojson"),
+    log:
+        logs("build_transmission_topology.log"),
+    benchmark:
+        benchmarks("build_transmission_topology")
+    resources:
+        mem_mb=2000,
+    params:
+        transport_corridors=config_provider("sector", "transport_corridors"),
+    script:
+        scripts("build_transmission_topology.py")
+
+
 rule build_daily_heat_demand:
     """Builds daily heat demand time series per region from cutout temperatures and population."""
     input:

rules/compose.smk

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ def get_compose_inputs(w):
                 if sector["gas_network"] or {"gas", "H2"} & set(import_carriers)
                 else []
             ),
+            transmission_candidates=rules.build_transmission_topology.output.candidates,
             pop_weighted_energy_totals=resources("pop_weighted_energy_totals.csv"),
             pop_weighted_heat_totals=(
                 resources("pop_weighted_heat_totals.csv") if sector["heating"] else []